The tl;dr:

• Use recordMyDesktop to record video clips, but afterwards, re-encode them to AVI (see the script I used)
• Record audio to WAV, or convert compressed audio to WAV format afterwards.
• Use OpenShot to stitch clips together and layer audio and video tracks.
• Remember to reset the video length if you change the playback rate.
• Export to a Web + Vimeo profile for best results.

Stumbling Blocks

recordMyDesktop is a fairly simple tool, and allows you to record actions you're taking, and simultaneously capture audio. However, it creates an ".ogv" (Ogg Vorbis video file) -- which is basically useless for anybody not on Linux or FreeBSD. Additionally, I often like to record in segments; this makes it less likely that I'll make mistakes, and, if I do, I only need to record a small segment again, not the entire thing. recordMyDesktop is only for creating screencasts, not merging them.

So, recordMyDesktop went into my toolbox for the purpose of recording the video portion of my screencasts.

Which brings me to the next point: I also prefer to record the audio separately from the screencast portion itself; this way I don't get typing sounds in the recording, and I'm less likely to lose my train of thought as I'm speaking. To this end, I ended up using quite simply the "Sound Recorder" utility (gnome-sound-recorder). It's not great, but with a reasonable microphone, it gets the job done. I chose to record the audio as MP3 files.

However, this means that I now have video and audio tracks. So my toolbox needed a utility for overlaying tracks and laying them out on a timeline independently.

I looked at a few different free tools for Linux, including Avidemux, Cinelerra, and PiTiVi. Avidemux was not featurful enough, Cinelerra was too difficult to learn (it's more of an advanced user's tool), and PiTiVi kept crashing on me. So, I used the lazyweb, and tweeted a question asking what others were using -- and the unanimous response was OpenShot (http://www.openshotvideo.com/).

OpenShot hit the sweet spot for me -- it was easy to pick up, and didn't crash. However, I discovered problems when I exported my project to a video file. My video, regardless of whether or not I changed the playback rate, always played at about 2X normal speed. The audio always truncated 1 to 2 seconds before completion.

In doing some research, I discovered:

• There are known issues with Ogg Vorbis video files. Evidently, the compression creates issues when re-encoding the video to another format.
• Similarly, compressed audio can lead to issues such as truncation.

Since recordMyDesktop doesn't allow you to select an alternate video codec, I had to use mencoder to transcode it to another format. I chose AVI (Audio Video Interleave, a video container format developed by Microsoft), as I knew it had widespread support, using an mpeg4 codec (also widely supported). I used the following script, found at http://askubuntu.com/questions/17309/video-converter-ogv-to-avi-or-another-more-common-format, in order to encode my files:

for f in *.ogv;do
newFile=${f%.*}
mencoder "$f" -o "$newFile.avi" -oac mp3lame -lameopts fast:preset=standard -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vbitrate=4000
done

That solved the video issue, but I still had to solve the audio issues. I quickly re-recorded one audio segment in Sound Recorder, and told it to use the "Voice,Lossless (.wav type)". When I used this version of the audio, I had no issues, other than the audio length being mis-reported within OpenShot. Instead of re-recording all segments, I installed the "Sound Converter" utility (`sudo aptitude isntall soundconverter`), and used that to convert all my MP3 files to WAV. Interestingly, OpenShot reported the audio lengths correctly this time; go figure.

Once that was done, I was able to start stitching everything together. A few notes, in the hopes others learn from my mistakes:

• Several times, I wanted my video to playback slower. This is very easy to do: right click on the clip, select "Properties", and select the "Speed" tab, and adjust as necessary. However, that's not all you need to do; you need to also re-adjust the length of the clip. Simply take the existing length, and divide it by the rate of play. As an example, if the length is 44 seconds, and you specify a 1/2 rate (0.5), you'd do 44 / 0.5 = 88, and set the length of the clip to 88s.
• If you find that OpenShot is reporting your audio clip lengths incorrectly, use another tool to find the accurate length, and then set the length to that. I typically rounded up to the next second, as most tools were giving the floor value from rounding.
• I chose to export using the Web + Vimeo HD profile. This worked perfectly for me. It created an mpeg4 file that I could preview in a browser, and then upload without issues. Your mileage may vary.

Hopefully, this will serve as a reasonable guide for others foraying into screencasts on Linux!

While ZF1 had modules, they were difficult to manage. All resources for all modules were initialized on each request, and bootstrapping modules was an onerous task. Due to the difficulties, modules were never truly "plug-and-play", and thus no ecosystem ever evolved for sharing modules.

In Zend Framework 2, we've architected the MVC from the ground up to make modular applications as easy as possible. Within ZF2, the MVC simply cares about events and services — and controllers are simply one kind of service. As such, modules are primarily about telling the MVC about services and wiring event listeners.

To give you an example, in this tutorial, I'll show you how to install the Zend Framework 2 skeleton application, and we'll then install a module and see how easy it is to add it to the application and then configure it.

To keep things simple, I'm using a unix-like environment. As such, if you are on Windows, you may not have the same command-line tools available. If you are in such a situation, perhaps try this inside a Linux virtual machine.

Zend Framework 2 Module Quickstart

Let's start by creating a new project. We'll execute a few commands to download a skeleton application archive and extract it.

% mkdir newproject
% cd newproject
% wget https://github.com/zendframework/ZendSkeletonApplication/tarball/master \
    -O ZendSkeletonApplication.tgz
% tar xzf ZendSkeletonApplication.tgz --strip-components=1

The Zend Framework skeleton application can be downloaded directly off of GitHub. I'm showing using the download from master, but you can also download a tarball or zipball for individual tags as well. Because the download URL does not include an extension, I use the -O switch to tell wget what filename to save to.

tar has a nice option, `--strip-components`, which allows you to tell it to descend a certain number of levels deep into the archive when deflating. Since I know the tarball has a top-level directory named after the repository and a sha1, I'm simply telling tar to skip that and give me the contents of its child directory.

At this point you have the skeleton application, but it has no dependencies — not even Zend Framework itself! Let's rectify that situation. We'll use the dependency management tool Composer to do this. We include the Composer phar file within the skeleton application to make this fairly easy. Simply execute the following:

% php composer.phar install

You may get a notice indicating that the composer version is older, and to run "self-update"; you can ignore that for now.

If all goes well, you should now have Zend Framework installed. Let's test it out. I'm going to use the built-in web server in PHP 5.4 to demonstrate.

% cd public
% php -S localhost:8080

If I browse to http://localhost:8080 I should now see the landing page for the skeleton application.

Let's add a module to the application. Many sites require a contact form. I've written one as a module some time ago, and called it PhlyContact. To install it, I'll edit my project's composer.json and tell it about that dependency:

{
    "require": {
        "php": ">=5.3.3",
        "zendframework/zendframework": "dev-master",
        "phly/phly-contact": "dev-master"
    }
}

I know the name of the component from http://packagist.org/, and I'm telling Composer that I want to use whatever the latest version is on its master branch on GitHub. I happen to also know that PhlyContact requires a dev-master version of Zend Framework, so I'll alter that dependency for now.

Now, we need to tell composer to update our dependencies.

% php composer.phar update

After executing the command, we should now see that it has installed; this may take a little while.

You need to inform the application about the module. This is so that we don't have to perform expensive file-system scanning operations, but also to make it explicit in your code what modules you're actually using. Enabling a module is usually as easy as adding an entry to config\application.config.php:

'modules' => array(
    'Application',
    'PhlyContact',
),

This particular module provides some reasonable defaults. In particular, it uses a CAPTCHA adapter that doesn't require additional configuration, and assumes that you will want to use the default Sendmail mail transport. As such, we can simply browse to it now. I happen to know that the module defines a /contact end point. Let's fire up our PHP web server again, and browse to that URL.

% cd public
% php -S localhost:8080

It just works!

One philosophy we have for distributable modules in Zend Framework 2 is that you should not need to touch the code in modules you install in your application. Instead, you should be able to configure and override behavior within the application configuration or in your application's site-specific modules. Let's alter the contact module to:

• first, change the URL it responds to, and
• second, use the "file" mail transport.

Let's look at the default configuration. I'll browse to vendor/phly/phly-contact/config/ and look at the module.config.php file.

return array(
    'phly_contact' => array(
        'captcha' => array(
            'class' => 'dumb',
        ),
        'form' => array(
            'name' => 'contact',
        ),
        'mail_transport' => array(
            'class' => 'Zend\Mail\Transport\Sendmail',
            'options' => array(
            )
        ),
        'message' => array(
            /*
            'to' => array(
                'EMAIL HERE' => 'NAME HERE',
            ),
            'sender' => array(
                'address' => 'EMAIL HERE',
                'name'    => 'NAME HERE',
            ),
            'from' => array(
                'EMAIL HERE' => 'NAME HERE',
            ),
             */
        ),
    ),

    /* ... */

    'router' => array(
        'routes' => array(
            'contact' => array(
                'type' => 'Literal',
                'options' => array(
                    'route' => '/contact',
                    'defaults' => array(
                        '__NAMESPACE__' => 'PhlyContact\Controller',
                        'controller'    => 'Contact',
                        'action'        => 'index',
                    ),
                ),
                'may_terminate' => true,
                'child_routes' => array(
                    'process' => array(
                        'type' => 'Literal',
                        'options' => array(
                            'route' => '/process',
                            'defaults' => array(
                                'action' => 'process',
                            ),
                        ),
                    ),
                    'thank-you' => array(
                        'type' => 'Literal',
                        'options' => array(
                            'route' => '/thank-you',
                            'defaults' => array(
                                'action' => 'thank-you',
                            ),
                        ),
                    ),
                ),
            ),
        ),
    ),
    /* ... */
);

Okay, that's interesting. I can define the captcha and options to use, the name of the contact form, the mail transport I want to use, and even who the email is sent from and who it goes to. In addition, it defines some routes.

I'll create a new file, config/autoload/phly-contact.local.php. This is a local configuration file that will not be checked into my version control system. Now, let's add some configuration. First, I'll configure my mail transport.

return array(
    'phly_contact' => array(
        'mail_transport' => array(
            'class'   => 'Zend\Mail\Transport\File',
            'options' => array(
                'path' => 'data/mail/',
            ),
        ),
    ),
);

I'm telling the module to use the File mail transport, and telling the transport where I want messages written. By default, Zend Framework calls chdir() to change directory to the project root, so I can reference a directory relative to that. I'm simply going to write to a data/mail/ directory. Let's create that, and make it world-writable for now to ensure the web server can write to it. (In production, you'd only want it writable by the web server user.)

% mkdir -p data/mail
% chmod a+rwX data/mail

Now, let's change the base URL the contact form responds to; I want it to respond to /contact-us. Another principle of re-usable modules in ZF2 is that we recommend creating tree routes for each module, with the root of the tree being a literal route. This makes it easy to alter the base for routing, without needing to redefine all the routes in the module.

I'll add the following to my local configuration, then. I'll simply override the parent route for my module, named "contact", and point it at a different URL.

'router' => array(
    'routes' => array(
        'contact' => array(
            'options' => array(
                'route' => '/contact-us',
            ),
        ),
    ),
),

Let's see if all this worked! Once again, I'll fire up PHP's built-in web server.

% cd public
% php -S localhost:8080

Now, let's browse to http://localhost:8080/contact-us -- looks good! Just as an experiment, let's try the previously configured URL, http://localhost:8080/contact. We get a 404 now!

Now, let's submit the form. I'll fill in some information; it's asking for my email address, a subject line, and a message, as well as for me to solve a simple CAPTCHA. Once I've done all that, I can send it.

If all is well, we should now have a mail file in our data directory. Let's check.

% ls -l data/mail/

And now let's look at it.

% cat data/mail/ZendMail_1347989389_1009740165.tmp
Date: Tue, 18 Sep 2012 12:29:49 -0500
From: me@mwop.net
Reply-To: me@mwop.net
Subject: [Contact Form] Suspense!

Suspenseful, isn't it?

Looks good!

Zend Framework 2 provides a wonderful modular architecture that will enable an ecosystem of 3rd party modules that should save you time and energy when developing your applications. I've demonstrated a simple one, a contact form, but many, many more already exist, and with a stable release now available, you should see that number grow. This is truly a wonderful step forward for developers, and I hope you find it as exciting as I do.